Perspective - (2022) Volume 4, Issue 3
Dental caries is a chronic disease that is unique to humans and is one of the world's most serious oral health issues today. It is the acidic by-products of bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates, particularly sucrose, that destroy dental hard acellular tissue. It is caused by an ecological imbalance in the equilibrium between tooth minerals and oral biofilms, which is characterized by microbial activity, resulting in fluctuations in plaque pH due to bacterial acid production, buffering action from saliva, and the surrounding tooth structure. Caries have a complex microbiome that includes both facultative and obligately anaerobic microorganisms.
Dental caries • Pathogenesis • Prevention
Dental caries is a preventable disease that is widely known as the leading cause of oral pain and tooth loss. It's a major public health oral disease that makes it difficult for people of all ages to achieve and maintain good oral health. The localized destruction of vulnerable dental hard tissues by acidic by-products of bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates is referred to as dental caries. It is a chronic condition that affects the majority of people and is caused by an ecological imbalance in the balance of dental minerals and oral biofilms (plaque). Microbial activity characterizes the biofilm, leading to pH changes in the plaque.
Caries can develop on a variety of tooth surfaces. The lesion begins and forms beneath the contact area between teeth on an approximal surface. In pit and sure, caries on an occlusal surface is likewise a limited condition. Enamel caries is a three-dimensional subsurface demineralization that spreads with the enamel prisms on both occlusal and approximal surfaces. A lesion at the edge of dental restoration is known as secondary caries. There may be evidence of demineralization (wall lesions) along the cavity wall as a result of microleakage, and it reflects a caries lesion near the margin. Clinical and microbiological studies, on the other hand, show that this leakage does not result in active demineralization below the repair. Caries is characterized by pain, difficulty eating, chewing, smiling, and communicating as a result of missing, discolored, or broken teeth. Caries has a rich microbial community that includes both facultative and obligately anaerobic bacteria from the genera Actinomyces, bacterium, Eubacterium, Lactobacillus, Parvimonas, and Rothia. Other bacteria that might cause it to include Streptococci from the Mitis, Anginosus, and Salivarius groups, Propionibacterium, Enterococcus faecalis, Scardovi, and others.
Dental caries is the most common oral health problem worldwide, while oral and pharyngeal malignancies, as well as oral tissue lesions, are also significant health concerns. Dental caries affect roughly 2.43 billion people worldwide (36 percent of the population). About 620 million people, or 9% of the population, are affected by baby teeth. The disease is most common in Latin America, the Middle East, and South Asia, with China being the least affected. Dental caries is the most frequent chronic pediatric disease in the United States, accounting for at least four times the prevalence of asthma. In children, it is the most common pathological cause of tooth loss. Caries affect between 29 percent and 59 percent of individuals over the age.
To explain caries development, researchers have traditionally focused on biological and dietary effects on children's oral health. Children's oral health outcomes have been studied using a larger paradigm in recent years, which includes psychological and environmental factors as well as biological and nutritional actions. Genetics and biology, social environment, physical environment, health influencing behaviors, and medical care are some of the broad domains that frameworks classify disease-related issues.
Because many oral streptococci have extracellular enzymes capable of cleaving the -1 and -2 glycosidic bonds of sucrose and harnessing the energy to create glucose polymer (glucans and mutants) and fructose, sucrose is a key environmental contributor to tooth caries. This unique association between sucrose and caries is explained by a set of enzymes known as Glucosyltransferases (GTFs).
The mineral matrix of teeth is dissolved by the acid produced by bacteria and yeast in tooth plaque. Dental caries appear as a chalky white spot on the tooth in its early stages. The surface is intact at this point, and the subsurface lesion is reversible. It can be difficult to tell the difference between white patches caused by incipient caries and developing hypocalcemiacation. In addition, the white spot transforms into a black staining stage.
The current study examines multiple risk factors for dental caries, as well as a variety of therapies to prevent caries. Caries can cause serious problems for an individual, affecting their quality of life both functionally and aesthetically. Increasing their awareness and knowledge of dental caries, in general, can help them improve their oral health care knowledge and skills. With the ability to identify potential health risk factors associated with oral health status risk, such as lifestyle, ethnicity, health status, and social determinants, health care providers can take an active role in health screening to identify any need for clinical preventive services, including dental preventive services, and detect health problems.
Received: 07-May-2022, Manuscript No. jdrp-22-65249 ; Editor assigned: 09-May-2022, Pre QC No. jdrp-22-65249 (PQ); Reviewed: 18-May-2022, QC No. jdrp-22-65249 (Q); Revised: 18-May-2022, Manuscript No. jdrp-22-65249 (R); Published: 30-May-2022, DOI: 10.4172/jdrp.22.4(3).016
Copyright:This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
