Integration Institute, San Clemente, CA, USA
Perspective
Evidence for the Drd2 Gene as a Determinant of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)
Author(s): Kenneth Blum, Abdala Bowirrat, Igor Elman, David Baron, Panayotis K. Thanos, Mark S Gold, Colin Hanna, Milan T. Makale, Keerthy Sunder, Nicole Jafari, Foojan Zeine, Kevin T. Murphy, Miles Makale and Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
Since 1990, published addiction psychiatry articles have exceeded 11,495. Several from Blum et al. showed the clinical relevance of the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) test in identifying risk for reward deficiency behaviors in cohorts from polysubstance and pain clinics, post-surgical bariatrics, and DWI offenders facing prison time. Since Blum et al first published in JAMA (1990) concerning the association of the DRD2 gene polymorphism and severe alcoholism, confirmation has been mixed and controversial. More recently, however, a meta-analysis of 62 studies showed a significant association between DRD2 rs 1800497 and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Other studies from Yale University showed that a haplotype block of the DRD2 gene A1 allele was associated with AUD and heroin dependence. GWAS studies of depression and suicide in 1.2 million veterans confirmed the first psychiatric c.. View More»
DOI:
10.35248/ 2471-2701.22.9(4).338
