A drug is any substance that causes a change in an organism's physiology or
psychology when consumed.
Drugs are typically distinguished from food and substances that provide nutritional support. Consumption of
drugs can be via inhalation, injection, smoking, ingestion, absorption via a patch on the skin, or dissolution under the tongue.In pharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance, typically of known structure, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.A pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being.Traditionally
drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis.Pharmaceutical
drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders.Pharmaceutical
drugs are often classified into drug classes—groups of related
drugs that have similar chemical structures, the same mechanism of action (binding to the same biological target), a related mode of action, and that are used to treat the same disease.The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC), the most widely used drug classification system, assigns
drugs a unique ATC code, which is an alphanumeric code that assigns it to specific drug classes within the ATC system. Another major classification system is the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. This classifies
drugs according to their solubility and permeability or absorption properties.Psychoactive
drugs are chemical substances that affect the function of the central nervous system, altering perception, mood or consciousness.These
drugs are divided into different groups like: stimulants, depressants, antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, and hallucinogens. These psychoactive
drugs have been proven useful in treating wide range of medical conditions including mental disorders around the world. The most widely used
drugs in the world include caffeine, nicotine and alcohol,which are also considered recreational drugs, since they are used for pleasure rather than medicinal purposes.Abuse of several psychoactive
drugs can cause psychological or physical addiction. It's worth noting that all
drugs can have potential side effects.Excessive use of stimulants can promote stimulant psychosis. Many recreational
drugs are illicit and international treaties such as the Single Convention on Narcotic
Drugs exist for the purpose of their prohibition.A medication or medicine is a drug taken to cure or ameliorate any symptoms of an illness or medical condition. The use may also be as
preventive medicine that has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms. Dispensing of medication is often regulated by governments into three categories—over-the-counter medications, which are available in pharmacies and supermarkets without special restrictions; behind-the-counter medicines, which are dispensed by a pharmacist without needing a doctor's prescription, and prescription only medicines, which must be prescribed by a licensed medical professional, usually a physician.In the United Kingdom, behind-the-counter medicines are called pharmacy medicines which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a pharmacist. These medications are designated by the letter P on the label.The range of medicines available without a prescription varies from country to country. Medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often patented to give the developer exclusive rights to produce them. Those that are not patented (or with expired patents) are called generic
drugs since they can be produced by other companies without restrictions or licenses from the patent holder.Pharmaceutical
drugs are usually categorised into drug classes. A group of
drugs will share a similar chemical structure, or have the same mechanism of action, the same related mode of action or target the same illness or related illnesses. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC), the most widely used drug classification system, assigns
drugs a unique ATC code, which is an alphanumeric code that assigns it to specific drug classes within the ATC system. Another major classification system is the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. This groups
drugs according to their solubility and permeability or absorption properties
Relevant Topics in Medical Sciences