The placenta is a temporary organ that connects the developing fetus via the umbilical cord to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy. Placentas are a defining characteristic of placental mammals, but are also found in marsupials and some non-mammals with varying levels of development. The placenta functions as a fetomaternal organ with two components:[2] the fetal placenta (Chorion frondosum), which develops from the same blastocyst that forms the fetus, and the maternal placenta (Decidua basalis), which develops from the maternal uterine tissue.[3] It metabolizes a number of substances and can release metabolic products into maternal or fetal circulations. The placenta is expelled from the body upon birth of the fetus. Placentas probably first evolved about 150 million to 200 million years ago. The protein syncytin, which makes up the physical barrier between mother and baby in the syncytiotrophoblast, has a certain RNA signature in its genome that has led to the hypothesis that it originated from an ancient retrovirus: essentially a "good" virus that helped pave the transition from egg-laying to live-birth. Placental mammals, such as humans, have a chorioallantoic placenta that forms from the chorion and allantois. In humans, the placenta averages 22 cm (9 inch) in length and 2–2.5 cm (0.8–1 inch) in thickness, with the center being the thickest, and the edges being the thinnest. It typically weighs approximately 500 grams (just over 1 lb). It has a dark reddish-blue or crimson color. It connects to the fetus by an umbilical cord of approximately 55–60 cm (22–24 inch) in length, which contains two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein.[8] The umbilical cord inserts into the chorionic plate (has an eccentric attachment).
Commentary: Gynecology & Obstetrics
Case Report: Gynecology & Obstetrics
Research Article: Gynecology & Obstetrics
Research Article: Gynecology & Obstetrics
Case Report: Gynecology & Obstetrics
Posters & Accepted Abstracts: Journal of Medical & Surgical Pathology
Scientific Tracks Abstracts: Orthopedic & Muscular System: Current Research
Keynote: Endocrinology & Metabolic Syndrome
