Journal of Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology

A Study of the Effects of Antioxidants on Neurodegenerative Disease

Gabriele^{* *}Correspondence: Gabriele, Department of Neuroscience, Belgium, Email:

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Introduction

Neuro Degenerative Disorders (NDD) is a set of illnesses with a wide range of clinical implications and causes. Motor neuron disease, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), cerebellar disorders, Parkinson's Disease (PD), Huntington's Disease (HD), cortical damaging Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and Schizophrenia are all examples of NDD. Many risk factors have been identified through epidemiological and experimental studies, including advanced age, genetic defects, antioxidant enzyme abnormalities, excitotoxicity, cytoskeletal abnormalities, autoimmunity, mineral deficiencies, oxidative stress, metabolic toxicity, hypertension, and other vascular disorders. Free radical toxicity, radical-induced mutations, oxidative enzyme impairment, and mitochondrial dysfunction due to prenatal genetic abnormalities are all linked to clinical symptoms of NDD, according to a growing body of research. Diseases of the brain, namely the neurons, are known as neurodegenerative diseases. Failures in stability, breathing, movement, reflexes, motor abilities, or cardiac activity are the most important mutual signs. Antioxidants such as vitamins E and C, flavonoids, and polyphenols molecules can help prevent this. Antioxidants have a significant impact on human health since they can slow down the ageing process by combating free radicals. Vitamin C, in particular, can act as a powerful antioxidant in lowering the effects of oxidative harm caused by pollution, anxiety, and poor diets, among other things. As a result, the long-term risk of neurodegenerative diseases is reduced. Neurodegenerative diseases do not have a treatment at the moment, although they can be controlled. This disease care lowers symptoms in order to keep the value of life intact. Natural antioxidants such as polyphenols, which may be consumed through diet or dietary supplements and offer a variety of health advantages, have become a popular choice. The current state of knowledge about antioxidants in the treatment of neurodegenerative illnesses, as well as future implications, will be explored, as will the utility of antioxidants as neuroprotective agents.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Huntington's Disease (HD), Tardive Dyskinesia (TD), and epilepsy are among the Neuro Degenerative Diseases (NDD) that affects people as they age. They are a collection of illnesses with a wide range of clinical significance and etiologies. Oxidative stress and excessive glutamate receptor activation are the two primary mechanisms implicated in these disorders; both of these mechanisms converge and reflect sequential as well as interactive processes that produce a final shared pathway for cell vulnerability in the brain. Neurodegenerative diseases are multifactorial illnesses marked by abnormal protein dynamics, including improper protein degradation and aggregation, Oxidative Stress (OS), free radical generation, reduced cell energy transformation, and power house malfunction, as previously documented. They are triggered to a limited extent by oxidative and nitrosative stress, as well as by the generation of inflammatory cytokines, and the specific source of damaging ROS/RNS and the impacted target structures goes beyond neuronal diseases. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory medications have been recommended in the treatment of different neurodegenerative disorders because metabolic disarrays underlying any single illness can also indirectly give birth to an oxidative microenvironment. On a large scale, cell reinforcements are utilized to achieve and maintain optimal health. While it is undeniable that the proper balance of endogenous and exogenous cell antioxidant capacity is essential for survival, the therapeutic strength of these substances has frequently been misinterpreted. Because of inherent pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamics barriers, application in the therapy of human disease states (most notably neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer) has not been as beneficial as hoped. Natural antioxidant molecules have been offered as a therapy option for preventing age-related neurological disorders. Antioxidant molecules (polyphenols and carotenoids) as well as standard antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C and E) may help with this. Epidemiological studies have found considerable disparities in the prevalence of several illnesses across ethnic groups with varying eating habits. Epidemiological data, for example, has demonstrated that a Mediterranean diet high in antioxidants can help prevent age-related disorders like Alzheimer's disease. A synergy between natural antioxidants such polyphenols, isoprenoid chemicals, and vitamins may be responsible for many of the advantages received from the intake of these antioxidant-rich diets.

The role of antioxidants in neurodegenerative diseases

Antioxidants are chemicals that protect or repair cell components from oxidative damage. They work well in preventing lipid, protein, and DNA damage in neurons. Antioxidants include enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase), low molecular weight compounds such as glutathione, tocopherol (vitamin E), retinoic acid, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), albumin, bilirubin, ferritin, ceruloplasmin, melatonin, uric acid, lipoic acid, uric acid, lipoic acid (flavonoids, carotenoids). Antioxidants work in vivo to reduce oxidative damage, and their modes of action are quite diverse. When compared to normal participants, patients with AD had higher levels of erythrocyte Glutathione peroxidase, SOD (Copper-Zinc SOD), and catalase activity. SOD activity was also shown to be increased in fibroblasts from Alzheimer's patients. In a PD model caused by 1, methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, Rossetti demonstrated that SOD and monoamine oxidase inhibitors suppress free radicals. The increased amount of antioxidant enzymes is assumed to be a reaction to high levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Antioxidants like as vitamin E (3200 mg/3200 d) and vitamin C (3000 mg/3000 d) have been shown to improve the course of PD. According to postmortem investigations, PD patients' SNpc had a large (60%) drop in GSH and a moderate (29%) rise in oxidised glutathione.

The neuroprotective properties of natural antioxidants one of the most striking features of neurodegenerative disorders is oxidative stress damage. Evidence suggests that neuroprotection might be a viable pharmaceutical target for neurodegenerative illnesses; nevertheless, few effective drugs have been discovered for clinical usage, and even fewer have been successful due to toxicity and cancer risk. The use of relatively safe antioxidant chemicals contained in food as a method of therapy for these illnesses, on the other hand, is appealing but restricted by the difficulties of reaching an active concentration in the brain. Natural antioxidants like polyphenols provide neuroprotective effects through a variety of biological actions, such as interaction with transition metals, inactivation of free radicals, modulation in the activity of different enzymes, and effects on intracellular signaling pathways and gene expression. Several epidemiological studies suggest that diets rich in antioxidants play an important role in the protection against various pathologies.

Natural antioxidants like polyphenols protect neurons by interacting with transition metals, inactivating free radicals, modulating enzyme function, and influencing intracellular signaling pathways and gene expression, among other biological processes. Several epidemiological studies show that antioxidant-rich diets can help prevent people from a variety of diseases. These chemicals are mostly present in fruits and vegetables and are linked to a reduced risk of cancer, heart disease, hypertension, neurological diseases, and stroke.