Clinical and Experimental Psychology

Path diagram of Adherence to the Treatment of Cervical Cancer in the Covid-19 era

Jorge Hernández Valdés, Sonia Sujell Velez Baez, Sofía López de Nava Tapia and Cruz García Lirio^{* *}Correspondence: Cruz García Lirio, Department of Social Work, Mexico University, Mexico, Email:

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References

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Introduction

The aim of this study is

• To establish the reliability and validity of scales measuring perceptions, beliefs, values, motives, knowledge, attitudes, intentions and behaviors related to adherence to treatment of cervical cancer

• Establish dependency relationships between the variables determining adherence to treatment of cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is a disease with a high prevalence between the member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). During the period from 2001 to 2011, Mexico occupied the penultimate (20 out of 100 requests for diagnosis) site linked to cervical cancer diseases in one led by the United States of America (85 out of 100 requests) list.

The prevalence of cervical cancer in the OECD is a public health problem, with emphasis on the female sector of the population and its impact on occupational and reproductive health and emerging issues among member countries.

Psychological and social studies on public health have established three phases on:

• Prevention or primary stage in which the system Avoca to reduce risk by promoting styles of life free of violence

• Secondary prevention consists of immediate attention from an early warning

• Tertiary prevention or response indicated by long - term treatment and rehabilitation, conflict transformation and reconciliation

Thus, the theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior and theory of adherence explain the dependency relationships between psychosocial determinants involved in each of the stages of primary, secondary and tertiary care [1].

The theory of reasoned action, Grosso modo, argues that the behavior expected in each of the phases of care is determined by perceptions of control, beliefs, norms, attitudes and intentions. It is a predictive model of behaviors that reduce risks around a public health problem from increased preventive skills such as searching for information and requests for medical tests. Such skills are mediated by provisions for personal health and rational decision making [2].

However, the generality of information concerning a disease is not always linked to specific decisions and specific behaviors. Therefore, psychosocial studies delineated reasoned action model in a planned behavior.

The theory of planned behavior assumes that individuals process information surrounding a disease in a way that increases their perceptions of control of the situation. In this sense, people categorize information and link planned strategies to reduce risks of a diagnosed disease and if adherence to a biomedical treatment [3].

Unlike the model of reasoned action, planned behavior model includes a close link between perceptions of control regarding real control of their situation as in the case of treatment adherence [4].

Even the planned behavior is the result of a specific control under that is not enough to assume an ability to carry out rehabilitation, it is essential to locate this ability in the same period of disease and not just as an experience years ago [5].

Although the theory of planned behavior explains in more detail the relationship between psychosocial variables that affect treatment adherence, some reported in the state of the art findings show that there is an interrelationship between psychosocial factors regarding biomedical, institutional variables and cultural [6].

Thus, the theory of treatment adherence warns the importance of organizational culture on perceptions of control theory of planned behavior identified as major factors in adherence to treatment.

This is because the model of adherence to treatment of the assumption that intercultural values facilitate treatment adherence in settings and institutions where they work people of different nationalities and different.

That is, to the extent that a culture potentiates rights to reproductive and occupational health, increases self-care values and the perception of control over personal situation.

Methods

The research question that the study seeks to answer is: What are the differences and similarities between the relations of theoretical dependence of variables determining treatment adherence regarding correlations weighted?

Therefore, the null hypothesis concerns the adjustment of relations of theoretical dependence on the estimated and the alternative hypothesis is that the theoretical structure is different than the weighted structure correlations.

A non-experimental, cross-sectional and exploratory study with a nonrandom selection of 104 patients from a public hospital in the State of Mexico was made. 60% finished primary school, 21% high, 12% high school and 7% entered a form of higher education. 64% have lower monthly income to 3,500 pesos (average=3300 and Standard Deviation=124.34), 22% entered between 3500 and 7000 pesos (average=5612 and Standard Deviation=234.23) and 14% enter more 7000 pesos (average=7541 and Standard deviation=245.35) per month. 35% are single, 40% are married and 25% are separated or divorced.

It was used constructed scale psychosocial determinants of adherence to treatment from the definitions reported in the literature. It includes 32 items that measure eight dimensions related perceptions, beliefs, values, motives, knowledge, attitudes, intentions and behaviors regarding adherence to treatment of cervical cancer.

Operational definitions were established from the allusive psychosocial characteristics

• Searching and management of information related to cervical cancer

• Check the application and / or medical examination

• Confirmation of the initial diagnosis

• Drug intake

• Assisting rehabilitation or therapy sessions

The Delphi technique for homogenization of the meanings of words included in the items of the scale was used. The surveys were conducted in the office of general hospital social work. It was guaranteed in writing the confidentiality of the results and reported that they do not affect the quality of care or payment of medical services. The information was processed in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for its acronym in English) and Structural Analysis of Moments (AMOS by its acronym in English).

An analysis of internal consistency with Cronbach 's alpha parameter was performed. Adequacy parameters and sphericity (Barttlet test and Kayser Meyer Olkin) were estimated to carry out the estimation of validity. Factor analysis was carried out considering the number of items and sample size. In this regard, an exploratory analysis with promax rotation and obliquity criterion was performed. subsequently conducted a confirmatory analysis least squares. Setting parameters and residual for the null hypothesis were calculated.

Results and Discussion

The internal consistency of the overall scale (alpha=0.882) and the subscales of perceptions (alpha=0.892), values (alpha=0.881), motives (0.856), attitudes (alpha=0.801) and intentions (alpha=0.841) reached values optimal, but in the case of belief subscales (alpha=0.643), knowledge (alpha=0.656) and behavior (alpha=0.612) had sufficient values (Table 1).

Table 1. The internal consistency of the overall scale.

Figure 1: Path diagram elaborated with data study, X2=861.500 (206 df) p<0.001; TLI=0.658; RMSEA=0.195.

 

Extraction method

Principal axes with promax rotation and obliquity criterion. sphericity and adequacy. RC1=Perceptions (31% of the total variance explained), RC2=Beliefs (24% of the total variance explained), RC3=values (17% of the total variance explained), RC4=reasons (14% of the total variance explained),

The parameters of adequacy and sphericity carry out the assessment of the validity of constructs. Thus, factors related to perceptions (31% of the total variance explained), beliefs (24% of the total variance explained), values (17% of total variance explained) reasons (14% of the variance extracted Total explained). The values were associated positively and significantly with perceptions and these with the beliefs. In contrast the values and beliefs had a near zero spurious relationship (Table 2).

Table 2. Factor correlations.

In the establishment of model trajectories of determining relations of behavior adherence to treatment, knowledge determined the conduct of adherence to treatment, followed by intentions and the reasons. As for determining relations paths of behaviour adherence to treatment, the route from belief to knowledge and from these to the behavior explains the deliberate process adherence to treatment. This means that the processing of information concerning the uterine cervical cancer to be reduced to belief and then be assimilated as knowledge on the behavior preponderantly affects adherence to treatment of the disease in the study sample as shown in Figure 1.

Finally, the adjustment parameters and residual allowed to set the contrast of the null hypothesis was accepted. This means that the dependency relationships between eight variables reported in the prior art correspond to estimates in determining relations model.

Conclusion

The contribution of this study is to have established reliability and validity of an instrument that measures determinants of treatment adherence behavior psychosocial variables.

However, no experimental design, selection probabilistic and exploratory factor analysis represent limits that affect the findings of this study. It is therefore necessary to carry out an experimental study with a probabilistic sample and confirmatory factor analysis to demonstrate the direct effect of beliefs on behavior and determining indirect relationship through knowledge.

Under that model determining relations can be included other organizational and psychological variables such as work environment, commitment, innovation, self-concept, self-efficacy, locus of control, assertiveness or anxiety a new specification supported by organizational theories and necessary theories of personality.